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[18] Old fruit bodies that have survived the winter are often colonized by the white to pale yellow fungus Hypocrea pulmonata. Over the millennia, trail and error experimentation has resulted in the fungus being used in a number of interesting practical applications. Chaga is also known by other names, such as black mass, clinker polypore, birch canker polypore, cinder conk and the sterile conk trunk rot (of birch). In his book Mycelium Running, Paul Stamets recounts his having sent mycelial extracts of the Birch Polypore to researchers at the National Institute of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland where testing revealed that it killed the cowpox virus without harming healthy cells. Young polypores can be sliced thin, marinated then roasted. [8], The fruit bodies (basidiocarps) are pale, with a smooth greyish-brown top surface, while the creamy white underside has hundreds of pores that contain the spores. Perhaps the most unusual of these is the etiology of the alternative name of razor-strop fungus. [13], Fomitopsis betulinus is one of the most common species of brown rot fungi. He was exhumed and taken to Innsbruck, Austria for analysis by medical experts. Fire, drought and suppression by other trees are common causes of such stress. No. The fruiting bodies that emerge from the mycelium to spread new spores emerge annually in the spring, though they persist as graying husks for several years (as can be seen in the picture above). [19], Fomitopsis betulina has been widely used in traditional medicines, and has been extensively researched for its phytochemistry and pharmacological activity. [1] It was transferred to the genus Piptoporus by Petter Karsten in 1881. The bitterness of the Birch polypore is likely due to the taste imparted by various constituent compounds that make it one of the fungi most noted for their medicinal properties. [6] Common names for the fungus include birch bracket,[7] birch polypore, and razorstrop fungus. Ötzi, who is commonly referred to as the Ice Man, was found in 1991 by Austrian hikers who came upon a frozen corpse half emerged from the Schnalstal Glacier in the Tyrolean Alps. The corky nature of the Birch polypore was also employed in other applications in which absorption was required such as vulnerary dressings, ink blotters, haberdashery sweat bands , and even as a mounting platform for securing the impaling pins used in insect collections. It is likely that the birch bracket fungus becomes established in small wounds and broken branches and may lie dormant for years, compartmentalised into a small area by the tree's own defence mechanisms, until something occurs to weaken the tree. A second major functionality is associated with the dense, corky mass of the interior flesh of the fruiting body. He was removed to Bolzano, Italy, where the Archaeological Museum of South Tyrol was built to house his remains. Ironically, a detailed geographic survey of the site where he was found was conducted in 1998. The Birch polypore is listed as edible in many mushroom field guides, though it is clear that edible and palatable are to be distinguished. [20] Phytochemicals include phenolic acids, indole compounds, sterols, and triterpenes. Anti-tumor activity has been demonstrated with extracted polysaccharides which inhibited the growth of sarcoma by 90 percent when injected intraperitoneally (into the peritoneum) into mice at a dosage of 300mg/kg . [17] The fungus is eaten by the caterpillars of the fungus moth Nemaxera betulinella. These fungal "individuals" can sometimes be seen if a slice of brown-rotted birch wood is incubated in a plastic bag for several days. It has a tough, smooth tan upper surface that cracks and turns grayish with age, an incurved margin, and a white pore surface. The ice man provided inconvertible proof that the Birch Polypore was a well known commodity at the dawn of civilization. In this sense, the birch polypore is considered weakly parasitic. [6] Wood decayed by the fungus, and cultures of its mycelium, often smell distinctly of green apples. [21], Agaric acid found in the fruit body of the fungus, is poisonous to the parasitic whipworm Trichuris trichura. P. betulinus is primarily saprobic to birch trees, living on dead and decaying boles and fallen branches. [9] The spores are cylindrical to ellipsoidal in shape, and measure 3–6 by 1.5–2 μm. Ötzi was Italian, which is appropriate, as his name is taken from the Italian sub alpine region of the South Tyrol. [6] It has also been used as tinder and anesthetic. The Birch Polypore contains numerous compounds that have antimicrobial properties. It is in the anti-viral properties that the Birch Polypore may have the most potential; extracted nucleic acids have been shown to protect injected mice against a lethal dosage of tick-born encephalitis virus. The fungus was originally described by Jean Bulliard in 1788 as Boletus betulinus. P. betulinus will grow on other trees but only if they are artificially inoculated, but this is not seen in the natural habitat – it is exclusively a birch fungus. The species name is from the Latin betula which is the word for birch tree. It is postulated that he used it as a medicine, as an autopsy revealed that he suffered from parasitic intestinal whipworms (Trichuris trichiura) that cause stomach pain and diarrhea. Birch polypore also protects monocytes, white blood cells made in the bone marrow. The birch polypore grows from a single lateral attachment point on birch trees, being subglobose at first, then expanding to a bracket measuring approximately 10-20 cm across. Sometimes called birch bracket, and known to scientists as Fomitopsis betulina, the polypore is a parasite that slowly kills the birch before feasting on the dead tree until there is nothing left. The brackets burst out from the bark of the tree, and these fruit bodies can last for more than a year. It was also used and as a means to maintain and transport embers from one campsite to another in order to obviate the need to repeat the sometimes difficult fire initiation process. He has since filed four continuations of the patent, the latest of which extols the virtues of mushroom extracts in the treatment of viruses including avian influenza, yellow fever and West Nile virus. It is fortunate that this fact was determined while he was still frozen, as thawing would have resulted in the deliquescence and putrefaction of his flesh. The spores are cylindrical birch polypore black ellipsoidal in shape, and these fruit bodies can last for more a... 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